{"id":15417,"date":"2026-09-22T06:37:45","date_gmt":"2026-09-22T06:37:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/?p=15417"},"modified":"2026-09-22T06:37:47","modified_gmt":"2026-09-22T06:37:47","slug":"kompletni-pruvodce-po-polyaniontove-celuloze-pac-v-vrtnych-kapalinach-pro-tezbu-ropy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/cs\/kompletni-pruvodce-po-polyaniontove-celuloze-pac-v-vrtnych-kapalinach-pro-tezbu-ropy\/","title":{"rendered":"Polyanionov\u00e1 celul\u00f3za (PAC) v ropn\u00fdch vrtn\u00fdch kapalin\u00e1ch: Kompletn\u00ed pr\u016fvodce"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"PAC\"
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Polyaniontov\u00e1 celul\u00f3za (PAC) <\/u><\/a>v ropn\u00fdch vrtn\u00fdch kapalin\u00e1ch je preferovanou p\u0159\u00edsadou pro regulaci \u00fabytku kapaliny a reologickou p\u0159\u00edsadou pro vrtn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my na vodn\u00ed b\u00e1zi, kter\u00e1 zaji\u0161\u0165uje stabiln\u00ed kontrolu filtrace ve sladk\u00e9 vod\u011b, mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vod\u011b i nasycen\u00e9m soln\u00e9m roztoku p\u0159i teplot\u00e1ch a\u017e do 120 \u00b0C. Tato p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka vysv\u011btluje, v \u010dem se PAC-LV a PAC-HV li\u0161\u00ed, jak spl\u0148uj\u00ed po\u017eadavky normy API\/ISO 13500 a jak je d\u00e1vkovat pro optimalizaci v\u00fdkonu vrt\u00e1n\u00ed v jak\u00e9mkoli chemick\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00davod<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ztr\u00e1ta tekutin je tich\u00fdm zabij\u00e1kem ekonomiky vrt\u00e1n\u00ed. Kdy\u017e vrtn\u00e1 suspenze prosakuje do propustn\u00fdch horninov\u00fdch formac\u00ed, filtra\u010dn\u00ed kol\u00e1\u010d zhoustne, vrt se za\u010dne zasek\u00e1vat, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k po\u0161kozen\u00ed hornin a n\u00e1klady na vrtnou suspenzi stoupaj\u00ed. Polyanionov\u00e1 celul\u00f3za (PAC) je p\u0159\u00edsada, po kter\u00e9 in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se vrtn\u00fdmi kapalinami sahaj\u00ed, kdy\u017e pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnou a teplotn\u011b stabiln\u00ed kontrolu filtrace v nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00edm rozsahu chemick\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed vody \u2013 od sladk\u00e9 vody a\u017e po nasycen\u00fd soln\u00fd roztok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polyaniontov\u00e1 celul\u00f3za (PAC) je karboxymethylcelul\u00f3za (CMC) s vysokou \u010distotou a vysok\u00fdm stupn\u011bm substituce. D\u00edky karboxymethylov\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m (s stupn\u011bm substituce a\u017e 0,9\u20131,3, co\u017e je mnohem v\u00edce ne\u017e u standardn\u00ed CMC) je molekula siln\u011b aniontov\u00e1, vysoce rozpustn\u00e1 a odoln\u00e1 v\u016f\u010di sol\u00edm, kter\u00e9 b\u011b\u017enou CMC deaktivuj\u00ed. PAC se dod\u00e1v\u00e1 ve dvou funk\u010dn\u00edch proveden\u00edch, kter\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my: PAC-LV (n\u00edzk\u00e1 viskozita) pro regulaci filtrace s minim\u00e1ln\u00edm vlivem na viskozitu a PAC-HV (vysok\u00e1 viskozita) pro regulaci filtrace a z\u00e1rove\u0148 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed viskozity a suspenzi vrtn\u00e9ho v\u00fdplachu. V\u011bt\u0161ina vrtn\u00fdch kal\u016f v ter\u00e9nu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ob\u011b varianty, p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00e9 hustot\u011b, chemick\u00e9mu slo\u017een\u00ed vody a teplot\u011b vrtu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na adrese TENESSY Chemical<\/u><\/a>, vyr\u00e1b\u00edme PAC z prvot\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed celul\u00f3zy z\u00edskan\u00e9 z bavlny na n\u011bmeck\u00fdch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e kontrola v\u00fdroby je v souladu se zku\u0161ebn\u00edmi metodami podle norem API 13A \/ ISO 13500. Na\u0161e typy PAC se vyv\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed do v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 zem\u00ed a pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se p\u0159i vrtn\u00fdch operac\u00edch na pevnin\u011b i na mo\u0159i. Tato p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka shrnuje praktick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti s v\u00fdb\u011brem PAC: mechanismus \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed filtrace, volba mezi n\u00edzk\u00fdm (LV) a vysok\u00fdm (HV) tlakem, v\u00fdkonnost v r\u016fzn\u00fdch typech vody a praktick\u00e9 d\u00e1vkovac\u00ed programy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00daloha PAC v vrtn\u00fdch kapalin\u00e1ch: filtrace, viskozita a reologie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Regulace \u00faniku kapaliny: Mechanismus filtra\u010dn\u00edho kol\u00e1\u010de<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ztr\u00e1ta tekutiny p\u0159edstavuje objem filtr\u00e1tu z vrtn\u00e9ho kalu, kter\u00fd pod tlakem unik\u00e1 do horninov\u00e9ho \u00fatvaru. Ve standardn\u00ed filtra\u010dn\u00ed zkou\u0161ce API (API 13B-1, LPLT, 690 kPa \/ 100 psi po dobu 30 minut) poskytuje kvalitn\u00ed vrtn\u00e1 suspenze upraven\u00e1 PAC 5\u20138 ml filtr\u00e1tu, zat\u00edmco u neupraven\u00e9 suspenze nebo suspenze obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed pouze \u0161krob je to 15\u201340 ml nebo v\u00edce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polyaniontov\u00e1 celul\u00f3za (PAC) omezuje tuto ztr\u00e1tu p\u0159es filtra\u010dn\u00ed kol\u00e1\u010d. Polymern\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzce se adsorbuj\u00ed na povrchy j\u00edlov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic (bentonitu) a vrtn\u00fdch pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a spojuj\u00ed je do tenk\u00e9ho kol\u00e1\u010de s n\u00edzkou propustnost\u00ed na st\u011bn\u011b vrtu. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee je kol\u00e1\u010d tenk\u00fd a pru\u017en\u00fd, omezuje jak objem filtr\u00e1tu, tak riziko uv\u00edznut\u00ed trubky. Dv\u011b vlastnosti \u010din\u00ed z PAC ide\u00e1ln\u00ed polymer pro tento \u00fakol:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Vysok\u00fd aniontov\u00fd n\u00e1boj.<\/strong>\u00a0Karboxymethylov\u00e9 skupiny se siln\u011b adsorbuj\u00ed na kladn\u011b nabit\u00e9 hrany j\u00edlu a na v\u00e1pn\u00edkov\u00e9 a ho\u0159e\u010dnat\u00e9 vazebn\u00e9 m\u00edsta v hornin\u011b, tak\u017ee filtr\u00e1t pevn\u011b dr\u017e\u00ed i v soln\u00fdch roztoc\u00edch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Prodlou\u017een\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzu.<\/strong>\u00a0V roztoku se nabit\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce PAC navz\u00e1jem odpuzuj\u00ed a z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed rozta\u017een\u00e9, tak\u017ee i mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed pokryje velkou plochu j\u00edlu. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je PAC \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u0161krob (kter\u00fd je neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed a vyplavuje se z kalov\u00e9ho kol\u00e1\u010de) a b\u011b\u017en\u00fd CMC (kter\u00fd se ve slan\u00e9m roztoku svinuje a ztr\u00e1c\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Viskozita a suspenze<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    PAC-HV zvy\u0161uje viskozitu kal\u016f t\u00edm, \u017ee se v\u00e1z\u00e1 na vodnou f\u00e1zi, \u010d\u00edm\u017e pln\u00ed t\u0159i funkce:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • P\u0159eprava \u0159\u00edzk\u016f.<\/strong>\u00a0Mezikru\u017e\u00ed mus\u00ed dopravovat vrtn\u00e9 \u00falomky na povrch; k jejich udr\u017een\u00ed v pohybu je nutn\u00e1 minim\u00e1ln\u00ed viskozita. P\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch smykov\u00fdch rychlostech (5\u2013100 s\u207b\u00b9, co\u017e je rozsah hodnot pro mezikru\u017e\u00ed) vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed PAC-HV gelovitou strukturu, kter\u00e1 udr\u017euje \u00falomky v suspenzi i po zastaven\u00ed cirkulace.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u010ci\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vrt\u016f u odklon\u011bn\u00fdch vrt\u016f.<\/strong>\u00a0V horizont\u00e1ln\u00edch a odklon\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fasec\u00edch se v\u00fd\u0159ezky usazuj\u00ed na ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed stran\u011b v\u00fdkopu. Hlavn\u00ed ochranou je n\u00edzk\u00e1 smykov\u00e1 viskozita materi\u00e1lu PAC-HV.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Suspenze barytu.<\/strong>\u00a0Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 kaly vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed mez kluzu k udr\u017een\u00ed barytu (hustota 4,2 g\/cm\u00b3) v suspenzi, kdy\u017e jsou \u010derpadla vypnut\u00e1. PAC-HV k t\u00e9to mez kluzu p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Reologick\u00e1 regulace a teplotn\u00ed stabilita<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      Polyaniontov\u00e1 celul\u00f3za (PAC) je na biopolymer pom\u011brn\u011b tepeln\u011b odoln\u00e1: zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 si sv\u00e9 filtra\u010dn\u00ed a viskozitn\u00ed vlastnosti a\u017e do teploty p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 120 \u00b0C (n\u011bkter\u00e9 typy s vysok\u00fdm DS dokonce a\u017e do 130 \u00b0C) v kalov\u00fdch roztoc\u00edch s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, a je kompatibiln\u00ed s b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi modifik\u00e1tory reologie \u2014 xanthanovou gumou pro viskozitu p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00e9m st\u0159ihu, inhibitory b\u0159idlic na b\u00e1zi polyakrylamidu a \u0159edidly na b\u00e1zi lignosulfon\u00e1tu. Na rozd\u00edl od xanthanu nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed u PAC k katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edmu rozkladu p\u016fsoben\u00edm st\u0159ihu v trysk\u00e1ch vrtn\u00e9ho v\u00fdstroje a na rozd\u00edl od \u0161krobu PAC nefermentuje ani neztr\u00e1c\u00ed viskozitu v hork\u00e9m, okysli\u010den\u00e9m vrtn\u00e9m kalu. Dal\u0161\u00ed praktickou v\u00fdhodou je jej\u00ed odolnost v\u016f\u010di bakteri\u00edm: \u0161krob vy\u017eaduje o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed biocidy, PAC nikoli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Typick\u00e1 kombinace v ter\u00e9nu je PAC-LV pro filtraci + xanthan nebo PAC-HV pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed viskozity, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pom\u011br se ur\u010duje podle hustoty vrtn\u00e9ho kalu a \u00fahlu vrtu. Jednoduch\u00e9 praktick\u00e9 pravidlo je pops\u00e1no v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti v\u011bnovan\u00e9 d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"spojov\u00e1n\u00ed\"
      <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      PAC-LV vs. PAC-HV: V \u010dem spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 rozd\u00edl a kter\u00fd z nich pot\u0159ebujete?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      Parametr<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>PAC-LV<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>PAC-HV<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
      Hlavn\u00ed funkce<\/td>Regulace ztr\u00e1ty tekutin<\/td>Regulace \u00fabytku kapaliny + viskozita<\/td><\/tr>
      Typick\u00e1 viskozita (roztok 1% ve slan\u00e9m roztoku, Brookfield)<\/td>30\u2013120 mPa\u00b7s<\/td>500\u20131 200 mPa\u00b7s<\/td><\/tr>
      Kontrola filtr\u00e1tu (API LPLT, 30 min)<\/td>5\u20138 ml<\/td>6\u201310 ml<\/td><\/tr>
      Vliv na reologii kal\u016f<\/td>Minim\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/td>V\u00fdznamn\u00fd (vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed strukturu)<\/td><\/tr>
      Nejlep\u0161\u00ed v<\/td>Vrtn\u00e9 kapaliny s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, soln\u00e9 vrtn\u00e9 kapaliny, z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00e9 vrtn\u00e9 kapaliny<\/td>Nev\u00e1\u017een\u00e1 a lehce v\u00e1\u017een\u00e1 bahna, svisl\u00e9 \u0159ezy<\/td><\/tr>
      Obvykl\u00e9 d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed (na m\u00b3 kal\u016f)<\/td>2\u20138 kg<\/td>1\u20136 kg<\/td><\/tr>
      Odolnost v\u016f\u010di soli<\/td>Vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed (nasycen\u00fd soln\u00fd roztok)<\/td>Vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed<\/td><\/tr>
      Tepeln\u00e1 stabilita<\/td>A\u017e ~120\u2013130 \u00b0C<\/td>A\u017e ~120 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Jakmile se sezn\u00e1m\u00edte s programem MUD, je logika v\u00fdb\u011bru jednoduch\u00e1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • Spole\u010dnost PAC-LV je specialistou na filtraci.<\/strong>\u00a0Tato metoda se vol\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee vrtn\u00e1 suspenze ji\u017e m\u00e1 dostate\u010dnou viskozitu d\u00edky bentonitu, xanthanu nebo pevn\u00fdm \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edm a jedin\u00fdm nedostatkem je ztr\u00e1ta tekutiny. To je b\u011b\u017en\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad u zat\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch vrtn\u00fdch suspenz\u00ed, kde by p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed vysoce visk\u00f3zn\u00edho polymeru vedlo k p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9mu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed mezn\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed a tlaku v \u010derpadle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • PAC-HV je p\u0159\u00edsada s dvoj\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinkem.<\/strong>\u00a0Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v kalov\u00fdch roztoc\u00edch s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a bez z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee (kde nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomen bentonit pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed viskozity) a v \u00fasec\u00edch vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch vrt\u016f, kde je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed viskozita, ale nen\u00ed nutn\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 hustota. PAC-HV zaji\u0161\u0165uje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed viskozity a regulaci filtrace v r\u00e1mci jedin\u00e9ho produktu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        V\u011bt\u0161ina syst\u00e9m\u016f pro pr\u00e1ci s bl\u00e1tem vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 oboj\u00ed.<\/strong><\/strong> Typick\u00fd recept na vrtnou suspenzi pro sladkovodn\u00ed vrty s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 d\u00e1vkou 4\u20136 kg\/m\u00b3 PAC-LV a 1\u20133 kg\/m\u00b3 PAC-HV; u dokon\u010dovac\u00edho roztoku se nasycenou solankou se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pouze 5\u20138 kg\/m\u00b3 PAC-LV, proto\u017ee v dokon\u010dovac\u00ed kapalin\u011b nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed viskozita polymeru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        V\u00fdkonnost PAC ve sladk\u00e9 vod\u011b, mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vod\u011b a nasycen\u00e9m soln\u00e9m roztoku<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm testem pro polymery odoln\u00e9 proti ztr\u00e1t\u011b tekutin je jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed v soln\u00e9m roztoku. B\u011b\u017en\u00fd CMC ztr\u00e1c\u00ed ve slan\u00fdch roztoc\u00edch v\u011bt\u0161inu sv\u00e9 viskozity a schopnosti regulovat filtraci, proto\u017ee s\u016fl st\u00edn\u00ed n\u00e1boje polymeru a svinuje jeho \u0159et\u011bzce. PAC, vyroben\u00fd s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm DS a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u010distotou, si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 rozta\u017een\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce i v nasycen\u00e9m roztoku NaCl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Sladkovodn\u00ed bahna<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Ve sladk\u00e9 vod\u011b se polyaniontov\u00e1 celul\u00f3za (PAC) rychle disperguje a hydratuje. Typick\u00fd sladkovodn\u00ed vrtn\u00fd kal s bentonitem 4% + 4 kg\/m\u00b3 PAC-LV poskytuje filtr\u00e1t API 6\u20138 mL\/30 min a n\u00e1r\u016fst plastick\u00e9 viskozity pouze o 1\u20133 mPa\u00b7s \u2014 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed filtrace t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 bez negativn\u00edho vlivu na reologick\u00e9 vlastnosti. Jedn\u00e1 se o klasick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed PAC-LV v vrtn\u00fdch roztoc\u00edch s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, kde jsou spln\u011bny specifikace pro filtraci, zat\u00edmco vrtn\u00fd roztok z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 dostate\u010dn\u011b \u0159\u00eddk\u00fd pro rychl\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Mo\u0159sk\u00e1 voda a bahno s vysokou salinitou<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        PAC se od CMC odli\u0161uje v mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vod\u011b (s celkov\u00fdm obsahem sol\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3,5%) a v bahnech se sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdmi solemi. P\u0159i obsahu 3,5% NaCl si standardn\u00ed CMC zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 pouze 40\u201360% sv\u00e9 viskozity ve sladk\u00e9 vod\u011b; PAC si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 70\u201390%, proto\u017ee d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu DS z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzce ionizovan\u00e9. Regulace filtrace z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v rozmez\u00ed 6\u20139 mL. V praxi se p\u0159i p\u0159echodu vrtn\u00e9ho v\u00fdplachu ze sladk\u00e9 vody na mo\u0159skou zvy\u0161uje d\u00e1vka PAC-LV o 20\u201330%, aby se kompenzovala zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed ztr\u00e1ta viskozity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Nasycen\u00fd soln\u00fd roztok (NaCl \u2265 36%)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Nejn\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed vrtn\u00e9 kaly s nasycen\u00fdm soln\u00fdm roztokem a dokon\u010dovac\u00ed soln\u00e9 roztoky. Vrtn\u00fd kal je prakticky mrtv\u00fd soln\u00fd roztok a v\u011bt\u0161ina polymer\u016f v n\u011bm bu\u010f vysr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed, nebo zgelovat\u00ed. PAC v mno\u017estv\u00ed 5\u20138 kg\/m\u00b3 poskytuje filtr\u00e1t podle API 8\u201312 ml\/30 min v nasycen\u00e9m roztoku NaCl \u2014 co\u017e je p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 pro v\u011bt\u0161inu vrtn\u00fdch operac\u00ed a mnohem lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u0161krob, kter\u00fd poskytuje 15\u201325 ml a rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 se. U dokon\u010dovac\u00edch soln\u00fdch roztok\u016f (kde nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed tvorba filtra\u010dn\u00edho kol\u00e1\u010de na t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed formaci) se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 specificky PAC-LV, proto\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tenk\u00fd, kyselinou rozpustn\u00fd kol\u00e1\u010d, kter\u00fd mohou \u010distic\u00ed kapaliny odstranit. V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee PAC se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v monovalentn\u00edch soln\u00fdch roztoc\u00edch; u divalentn\u00edch soln\u00fdch roztoc\u00edch (CaCl\u2082, CaBr\u2082, ZnBr\u2082) nad hodnotou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10% se v\u00fdkonnost PAC zhor\u0161uje a jsou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed polymery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Typ vody<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>D\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed PAC-LV (kg\/m\u00b3)<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Filtr\u00e1t API LPLT (ml\/30 min)<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Pozn\u00e1mky<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
        Sladk\u00e1 voda<\/td>3\u20135<\/td>5\u20138<\/td>P\u0159idat do bentonitov\u00e9ho kalu 4%<\/td><\/tr>
        Mo\u0159sk\u00e1 voda \/ s\u016fl 3.5%<\/td>4\u20136<\/td>6\u20139<\/td>Zv\u00fd\u0161it d\u00e1vku ~25% oproti \u010derstv\u00e9mu<\/td><\/tr>
        10\u201320% NaCl<\/td>5\u20137<\/td>7\u201310<\/td>Pou\u017e\u00edvejte typy PAC s vysok\u00fdm DS<\/td><\/tr>
        Nasycen\u00fd soln\u00fd roztok<\/td>5\u20138<\/td>8\u201312<\/td>Up\u0159ednost\u0148uje se PAC-LV; v kyselin\u011b rozpustn\u00fd kal<\/td><\/tr>
        KCl-polymerov\u00e1 kalov\u00e1 sm\u011bs<\/td>3\u20136<\/td>5\u20138<\/td>Kombinuje se s inhibitory pro b\u0159idlicov\u00e9 formace<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        Normy API a ISO pro testov\u00e1n\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed PAC<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        P\u0159\u00edsady do vrtn\u00fdch kapalin se nakupuj\u00ed podle norem, nikoli podle technick\u00fdch list\u016f. Typy PAC jsou testov\u00e1ny a certifikov\u00e1ny podle:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • API 13A<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 Specifikace pro materi\u00e1ly vrtn\u00fdch kapalin, kter\u00e1 v odd\u00edle 8 (karboxymethylcelul\u00f3za a polyaniontov\u00e1 celul\u00f3za) zahrnuje PAC a stanov\u00ed po\u017eadavky na vlhkost, stupe\u0148 substituce, viskozitu roztoku 1% ve slan\u00e9 vod\u011b 4% a regulaci \u00fabytku kapaliny m\u011b\u0159enou jako objem filtr\u00e1tu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • ISO 13500<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed norma (s technick\u00fdm obsahem shodn\u00fdm s normou API 13A), kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i zad\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zak\u00e1zek mimo Severn\u00ed Ameriku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • API 13B-1 \/ ISO 10414-1<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 ter\u00e9nn\u00ed a laboratorn\u00ed postupy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed vrtn\u00e9ho kalu: filtra\u010dn\u00ed zkou\u0161ka LPLT (100 psi, 30 min), plastick\u00e1 viskozita a mez te\u010den\u00ed podle m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed viskozimetrem Fann a filtra\u010dn\u00ed zkou\u0161ka HTHP (obvykle 500 psi, a\u017e do 150 \u00b0C) pro hlubok\u00e9 vrty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 hodnoty pro t\u0159\u00eddy TENESSY PAC, testovan\u00e9 podle t\u011bchto norem:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Test<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Typick\u00e1 hodnota PAC-LV<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Typick\u00e1 hodnota PAC-HV<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
          Vlhkost, max.<\/td>10%<\/td>10%<\/td><\/tr>
          Stupe\u0148 substituce, min.<\/td>0.90<\/td>0.90<\/td><\/tr>
          Viskozita roztoku 1% ve slan\u00e9 vod\u011b 4%, 25 \u00b0C<\/td>35\u2013120 mPa\u00b7s<\/td>700\u20131 200 mPa\u00b7s<\/td><\/tr>
          Filtr\u00e1t API (LPLT) o hustot\u011b 3,42 kg\/m\u00b3 v slan\u00e9m bahn\u011b<\/td>5\u20138 ml<\/td>6\u201310 ml<\/td><\/tr>
          pH (roztok 1%)<\/td>6.5\u20138.0<\/td>6.5\u20138.0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          P\u0159i specifikaci polyaniontov\u00e9 celul\u00f3zy (PAC) v\u017edy vy\u017eadujte, aby certifik\u00e1t uv\u00e1d\u011bl v\u00fdsledky zkou\u0161ek podle normy API 13A \/ ISO 13500, nikoli pouze hodnotu viskozity. Produkt, kter\u00fd neprojde zkou\u0161kou filtr\u00e1tu za standardn\u00edch podm\u00ednek, sel\u017ee i ve va\u0161em vrtu, bez ohledu na to, jakou viskozitu 2% vykazuje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Doporu\u010den\u00e9 d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed a osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9 postupy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          D\u00e1vkovac\u00ed programy podle syst\u00e9mu Mud<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
          Syst\u00e9m bl\u00e1ta<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>PAC-LV (kg\/m\u00b3)<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>PAC-HV (kg\/m\u00b3)<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
          Sladkovodn\u00ed kal s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek<\/td>3\u20135<\/td>1\u20133<\/td><\/tr>
          Mo\u0159sk\u00e1 voda \/ bahno z mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho dna<\/td>4\u20136<\/td>2\u20134<\/td><\/tr>
          Bahno s nasycen\u00fdm soln\u00fdm roztokem<\/td>5\u20138<\/td>0\u20132<\/td><\/tr>
          Dokon\u010dovac\u00ed solanka (filtra\u010dn\u00ed kol\u00e1\u010d)<\/td>4\u20136<\/td>0<\/td><\/tr>
          B\u0159idlicov\u00e1 suspenze na b\u00e1zi KCl a polymeru<\/td>3\u20136<\/td>1\u20133<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          Osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9 postupy z praxe<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          • P\u0159ed zast\u00e1vkou v boxech se napijte.<\/strong>\u00a0P\u0159ed p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm soli p\u0159idejte do vody polyaniontovou celul\u00f3zu (PAC) a d\u016fkladn\u011b prom\u00edchejte. PAC se \u0161patn\u011b hydratuje, pokud se nasype p\u0159\u00edmo do soln\u00e9ho roztoku \u2013 polymern\u00ed tabletu v\u017edy nejprve p\u0159ipravte ve sladk\u00e9 vod\u011b a teprve pot\u00e9 do n\u00ed vm\u00edchejte s\u016fl.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • P\u0159id\u00e1vejte pomalu.<\/strong>\u00a0Vysyp\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu s\u00e1\u010dku p\u0159\u00edmo do sac\u00edho potrub\u00ed zp\u016fsobuje vznik \u201eryb\u00edch o\u010d\u00ed\u201c a n\u00e1hl\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed viskozity. Pr\u00e1\u0161ek d\u00e1vkujte p\u0159es sm\u011b\u0161ovac\u00ed n\u00e1sypku nebo ejektor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • D\u00e1vkujte podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f test\u016f, ne podle zvyku.<\/strong>\u00a0Po ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed prove\u010fte filtra\u010dn\u00ed test LPLT. C\u00edlem je dos\u00e1hnout 30minutov\u00e9ho filtr\u00e1tu v r\u00e1mci va\u0161eho pracovn\u00edho rozmez\u00ed (u v\u011bt\u0161iny vrtn\u00fdch kal\u016f 5\u201310 ml) a spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed je takov\u00e9 minim\u00e1ln\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 tohoto v\u00fdsledku dos\u00e1hne.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Sledujte teplotu.<\/strong>\u00a0P\u0159i teplot\u00e1ch nad 120 \u00b0C doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti filtrace pomoc\u00ed PAC. U hlubok\u00fdch hork\u00fdch vrt\u016f je vhodn\u00e9 kombinovat PAC se sulfonovan\u00fdmi polymery (nap\u0159. SMP nebo deriv\u00e1ty hn\u011bd\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed) nebo p\u0159ej\u00edt na syntetickou nebo esterovou vrtnou suspenzi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • P\u0159ed mixov\u00e1n\u00edm zkontrolujte kompatibilitu.<\/strong>\u00a0PAC je kompatibiln\u00ed s v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159\u00edsad na vodn\u00ed b\u00e1zi, p\u0159i p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed povrchov\u011b aktivn\u00edch l\u00e1tek, inhibitor\u016f tvorby vodn\u00edho kamene nebo odpen\u011b\u010d\u016f HTHP je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba prov\u00e9st ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pomoc\u00ed zku\u0161ebn\u00edho testu \u2013 aniontov\u00fd PAC m\u016f\u017ee ve tvrd\u00e9 dopl\u0148ovac\u00ed vod\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159et sra\u017eeniny se solemi t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • P\u0159i skladov\u00e1n\u00ed jej uchov\u00e1vejte v suchu.<\/strong>\u00a0PAC je hygroskopick\u00fd; otev\u0159en\u00e9 pytle je nutn\u00e9 znovu uzav\u0159\u00edt, jinak obsah vlhkosti p\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed specifikaci API a d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed bude nep\u0159esn\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
            \"frakovac\u00ed
            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

            \u010cASTO KLADEN\u00c9 DOTAZY<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            Ot\u00e1zka 1: Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi PAC-LV a PAC-HV?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            A: PAC-LV (n\u00edzk\u00e1 viskozita) je ur\u010den k omezen\u00ed \u00faniku kapaliny s minim\u00e1ln\u00edm zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm viskozity, obvykle o 30\u2013120 mPa\u00b7s p\u0159i 1% v soln\u00e9m roztoku. PAC-HV (vysok\u00e1 viskozita) zaji\u0161\u0165uje regulaci \u00faniku tekutin a z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed viskozity, 700\u20131 200 mPa\u00b7s p\u0159i 1% v soln\u00e9m roztoku, pro transport a suspenzi vrtn\u00e9ho odpadu. V\u011bt\u0161ina vrtn\u00fdch roztok\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 oba produkty: PAC-LV jako prost\u0159edek pro filtraci a PAC-HV (nebo xanthan) jako zdroj viskozity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Ot\u00e1zka 2: Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi CMC a PAC v vrtn\u00fdch kapalin\u00e1ch?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            A: Polyaniontov\u00e1 celul\u00f3za (PAC) je kvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed verz\u00ed CMC s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm DS. Ob\u011b l\u00e1tky jsou karboxymethylcelul\u00f3zy, av\u0161ak PAC m\u00e1 stupe\u0148 substituce \u2265 0,9 (oproti 0,7\u20130,8 u CMC ur\u010den\u00e9 pro vrtn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely) a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u010distotu. D\u00edky tomu si PAC zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 svou rozptylnost a \u00fa\u010dinnost v mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vod\u011b i nasycen\u00e9m soln\u00e9m roztoku, kde se CMC svinuje a ztr\u00e1c\u00ed viskozitu i schopnost regulovat filtraci. PAC tak\u00e9 sn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teploty a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed filtra\u010dn\u00ed kol\u00e1\u010d, kter\u00fd je l\u00e9pe rozpustn\u00fd v kyselin\u00e1ch, a proto je preferov\u00e1n pro n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 vrty a dokon\u010dovac\u00ed pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Ot\u00e1zka \u010d. 3: Jak\u00e9 je obvykl\u00e9 d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed PAC ve vrtn\u00e9m kalovi?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            A: Pro regulaci \u00faniku tekutin pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 PAC-LV v d\u00e1vce 3\u20136 kg\/m\u00b3 v\u011bt\u0161inu sladkovodn\u00edch, mo\u0159sk\u00fdch a solankov\u00fdch kal\u016f; nasycen\u00e1 solanka vy\u017eaduje 5\u20138 kg\/m\u00b3. Pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed viskozity a zlep\u0161en\u00ed filtrace se obvykle pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 PAC-HV v d\u00e1vce 1\u20134 kg\/m\u00b3. P\u0159esn\u00e1 hodnota se stanovuje na z\u00e1klad\u011b filtra\u010dn\u00ed zkou\u0161ky API LPLT (c\u00edlov\u00e1 hodnota 5\u201310 ml\/30 min) a na z\u00e1klad\u011b reologick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch pro \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vrtu \u2014 v\u017edy titrujte podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f zkou\u0161ky a znovu zkontrolujte, pokud dojde ke zm\u011bn\u011b teploty nebo hustoty vrtn\u00e9ho kalu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Ot\u00e1zka \u010d. 4: Jak\u00e9 normy upravuj\u00ed obsah PAC ve vrtn\u00fdch kapalin\u00e1ch?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            A: PAC je specifikov\u00e1n v norm\u011b API 13A (odd\u00edl 8) a jej\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed ekvivalent ISO 13500, kter\u00e9 definuj\u00ed vlhkost, stupe\u0148 substituce, viskozitu ve slan\u00e9 vod\u011b 4% a po\u017eadavky na filtr\u00e1t podle API. Zkou\u0161ky vlastnost\u00ed vrtn\u00e9ho kalu se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed normou API 13B-1\/ISO 10414-1: filtra\u010dn\u00ed zkou\u0161ka LPLT (100 psi, 30 min), reologick\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed viskozimetrem Fann (plastick\u00e1 viskozita, mez te\u010den\u00ed) a filtra\u010dn\u00ed zkou\u0161ka HTHP pro hlubok\u00e9 vrty. P\u0159i n\u00e1kupu PAC trvejte na p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00ed certifik\u00e1t\u016f s uveden\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016f t\u011bchto zkou\u0161ek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Ot\u00e1zka \u010d. 5: Funguje technologie PAC v nasycen\u00e9m soln\u00e9m roztoku?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            A: Ano \u2013 to je jeho kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 v\u00fdhoda. Vysok\u00e1 hodnota DS u PAC udr\u017euje polymern\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzce ionizovan\u00e9 a rozta\u017een\u00e9 v nasycen\u00e9m roztoku NaCl, zat\u00edmco b\u011b\u017en\u00fd CMC se zde svinuje a selh\u00e1v\u00e1. P\u0159i koncentraci 5\u20138 kg\/m\u00b3 poskytuje PAC-LV v nasycen\u00e9m soln\u00e9m roztoku filtr\u00e1t API o objemu 8\u201312 ml\/30 min a tenk\u00fd, kyselinou rozpustn\u00fd filtra\u010dn\u00ed kol\u00e1\u010d. U dvojmocn\u00fdch soln\u00fdch roztok\u016f (CaCl\u2082, CaBr\u2082, ZnBr\u2082) nad hodnotou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10% kles\u00e1 v\u00fdkon PAC a jsou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed polymery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Ot\u00e1zka \u010d. 6: Lze PAC pou\u017e\u00edt spole\u010dn\u011b s xanthanovou gumou ve stejn\u00e9m vrtn\u00e9m kalovi?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            A: Ano, a jedn\u00e1 se o b\u011b\u017enou praxi. PAC zaji\u0161\u0165uje kontrolu filtrace a m\u00edrnou viskozitu; xanthan dod\u00e1v\u00e1 vysokou viskozitu p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00e9m smykov\u00e9m nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je nezbytn\u00e1 pro udr\u017een\u00ed vrtn\u00e9ho v\u00fdplachu v suspendaci v odklon\u011bn\u00fdch vrtech. Tato kombinace je standardem u polymerov\u00fdch vrtn\u00fdch kal\u016f s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Ob\u011b l\u00e1tky p\u0159idejte p\u0159es m\u00edchac\u00ed n\u00e1sypku do \u010derstv\u00e9 vody p\u0159ed p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm soli a pomoc\u00ed pilotn\u00edho testu ov\u011b\u0159te, zda tyto dva polymery nezp\u016fsob\u00ed nadm\u011brn\u00e9 zahu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vrtn\u00e9ho kalu p\u0159i va\u0161\u00ed c\u00edlov\u00e9 hustot\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            Polyaniontov\u00e1 celul\u00f3za v ropn\u00fdch vrtn\u00fdch kapalin\u00e1ch \u0159e\u0161\u00ed dva hlavn\u00ed probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 dominuj\u00ed v oblasti in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed vrtn\u00fdch kapalin: \u00fanik kapaliny do propustn\u00fdch horninov\u00fdch formac\u00ed a regulaci reologie p\u0159i m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edm se chemick\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed vody. PAC-LV zaji\u0161\u0165uje kontrolu filtrace bez sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed viskozity, PAC-HV dod\u00e1v\u00e1 strukturu pot\u0159ebnou pro \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vrtu a chemick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed s vysok\u00fdm obsahem DS, na kter\u00e9m jsou oba produkty zalo\u017eeny, zaji\u0161\u0165uje jejich \u00fa\u010dinnost ve sladk\u00e9 vod\u011b, mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vod\u011b i nasycen\u00e9m soln\u00e9m roztoku p\u0159i teplot\u00e1ch a\u017e 120 \u00b0C. Produkt PAC, specifikovan\u00fd a ov\u011b\u0159en\u00fd podle norem API 13A \/ ISO 13500, je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm polymerem pro omezen\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty vrtn\u00e9 kapaliny p\u0159i vrt\u00e1n\u00ed na vodn\u00ed b\u00e1zi \u2013 a spr\u00e1vnou volbou v\u017edy, kdy\u017e mus\u00ed b\u00fdt program vrtn\u00e9 kapaliny jednoduch\u00fd, stabiln\u00ed a n\u00e1kladov\u011b efektivn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Spole\u010dnost TENESSY Chemical vyr\u00e1b\u00ed produkty PAC-LV a PAC-HV z prvot\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed bavln\u011bn\u00e9 celul\u00f3zy na n\u011bmeck\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, kter\u00e9 jsou certifikov\u00e1ny podle zku\u0161ebn\u00edch metod API 13A \/ ISO 13500 a vyv\u00e1\u017eeny do v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 zem\u00ed. Vy\u017e\u00e1dejte si bezplatn\u00fd vzorek o hmotnosti 500\u20133000 g, certifik\u00e1t o zkou\u0161ce podle normy API nebo doporu\u010den\u00ed ohledn\u011b d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed pro v\u00e1\u0161 vrtn\u00fd kalov\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u2013 dodac\u00ed lh\u016fta je pouh\u00fdch 7\u201314 dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Doporu\u010den\u00e9 produkty:<\/strong> PAC (polyaniontov\u00e1 celul\u00f3za)<\/u><\/a> | CMC (karboxymethylcelul\u00f3za)<\/u><\/a>
            Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky:<\/strong>             CMC (karboxymethylcelul\u00f3za): Pr\u016fvodce pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi aplikacemi<\/u><\/a> | HEC ve vodou \u0159editeln\u00fdch barv\u00e1ch: Pr\u016fvodce zahu\u0161\u0165ovadly a stabiliz\u00e1tory<\/u><\/a> | HEMC (MHEC) ve stavebnictv\u00ed: vyu\u017eit\u00ed a v\u00fdhody<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \"ropn\u00e9
            <\/figcaption><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Polyanionic cellulose (PAC) in oil drilling fluids is the preferred fluid-loss control and rheology additive for water-based mud systems, delivering stable filtration control in fresh water, seawater, and saturated brine at temperatures up to 120 \u00b0C. This guide explains how PAC-LV and PAC-HV differ, how they pass API\/ISO 13500 testing, and how to dose them […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14803,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15417","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15417","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15417"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15417\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15419,"href":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15417\/revisions\/15419"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14803"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15417"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15417"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tenessy.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15417"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}